ALT is also one of the enzymes that involves in amino acids making. In serum, it is much more less than AST but more sensitive to liver cell damages. Thus, ALT test is used to diagnose liver and biliary diseases.
AST and ALT levels can be increased in the cases of alcohol abuse, strenuous exercise, overweight, and the stress from using steroid hormone etc.

γ-GTP is a proteolytic enzyme which is normally found in kidneys but also exists in pancreas, liver, spleen, and intestines.

γ-GTP will be released into the bloodstream when there is liver cells damage caused by alcohol, drug, and when there is hepatic duct obstruction caused by stone or cancer.

Found in almost all body tissues and is one of the enzymes that converts glucose to energy. When cells are damaged or destroyed, they release LDH into the bloodstream, and LDH level increases.

Used to detect protein characteristics in the blood.
Two major turbidity tests are ZTT (zinc sulfate turbidity test) and TTT (thymol turbidity test).

Both of them are performed by adding reagents in the serum, and then the rate of fuzziness is calculated.

Bilirubin is a pigment that is largely derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin.
T-Bil is used to measure total serum bilirubin and direct bilirubin, and to diagnose liver dysfunction.

・Indirect bilirubin・・・heme and globin are derived from the breakdown of red blood cells. Heme is chemically converted to bilirubin in a state of yellow color change.

・Direct bilirubin・・・ indirect bilirubin has been chemically altered in the liver is known as direct bilirubin, which is carried in the bile to the small intestines and then excreted in feces.

・T-Bil・・・direct and indirect bilirubin.

An enzyme that breaks down the cholinester into choline and acetic, which are filtered by the kidneys and go into the blood flow.
There are two types of ChE:

・True ChE・・・exists in nerves and muscles etc.

・Pseudo ChE・・・exists in plasma, liver, pancreas, lungs, and intestines etc.

Generally, ChE test is to measure pseudo cholinesterase, which is made in liver, for checking liver diseases.

LAP is a proteolytic enzyme which is normally found in kidneys, liver, intestines, brain, pancreas, uterus, and testis etc.

There are three types of LAP:

・M-LAP ・・・most of LAP in serum is this type, and it is normal.

・C-LAP　・・・only measures leucine amino acid.

・CAP(L-cystine-aminopeptidase)・・・mostly exists in placenta and increases in pregnancy.

LAP is an important test for diagnosing the liver and biliary tract diseases and monitoring disease activity.

TP is the total amount of protein in the blood and normally ranges from 7% to 8%. Two major types of proteins in the blood are albumin and globulin.

Serum protein plays an important role in metabolism and keeps at a steady range in the blood.

When there is liver or kidney dysfunction, the body’s metabolism is abnormal, that affects TP value.

Both high and low TP values are abnormal. Then, protein electrophoresis should be done, which separates the different proteins into groups and identifies the abnormal protein fraction.

The test determines the ratio of albumin to globulin in the blood. A/G ratio and TP result together can make an accurate diagnosis.

Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, which is synthesized by the liver and filtered by kidneys.

There are also other kinds of protein, like globulin, in serum.

Uric acid is a waste metabolized product of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), which builds cells. Most of UA in blood are made in liver and excreted into urine by kidneys.

If uric acid can not be excreted out of the body, it leads to a high level uric acid in the blood, causes gout (Uric acid is hardly dissolved in blood. if the consistency of uric acid in the blood exceeds the dissolved limit, the uric acid crystals will be formed, which may gather in the joints of the big toe and knee to cause inflammation).

Uric acid can also cause ureteral calculus.

Urea nitrogen is a breakdown product of proteinmetabolism (as energy source) in the blood. Nitrogen which is in the blood is called blood urea nitrogen.

BUN is the most common test to check kidney function.

If BUN is abnormal, the tests of urinary protein and creatinine should be done.

Creatinine is a breakdown product of proteinmetabolism in the blood. It is filtered and excreted into urine by kidneys.

60% of the body is water. Water exists as cell liquid and serum in the body.
Both of electrolyte and no-electrolyte needed by cells dissolve in the body fluid. Electrolyte includes serum sodium (Na), potassium (K), serum calcium (Ca), and serum chloride (Cl) etc.

・Ｎａ…adjusts the body fluid.

・Ｋ……relates to muscle and nerve function.

・Ｃａ…relates to bone and teeth formation, the transmission of nerve stimulus, and blood coagulation.

・Ｃｌ…plays an important role in supplying oxygen to the body tissues.

Electrolytes must exist in the body within a narrow concentration range in order to effectively serve a variety of critical functions.

Cholesterol is a lipid substance. Total cholesterol includes esterified cholesterol and free cholesterol.

Cholesterol not only plays an important role in maintaining and strengthening blood vessel walls, but also produces cholate, steroid hormone, and sex hormone that we need for health.

Nowadays, cholesterol level has an upward tendency accompanying the change in our eating habit to western-style.

High total cholesterol and triglyceride (neutral fat) levels is called hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemia itself has no symptom and is not a disease, but if the condition continues, arteriosclerosis or other diseases may occur.

Neutral fat is the major form of fat. Fat is a source of energy in the body. Fat, which is not been used as energy, will be stored in hypodermic and liver, and most of which is neutral fat (triglyceride).

The higher triglyceride in the blood, the higher arteriosclerosis risk will be.

Control neutral fat is as important as control cholesterol for preventing arteriosclerosis.

HDL is one of the cholesterols.

HDL cholesterol can remove and transport LDL (low density lipoprotein cholesterol or bad cholesterol) away from artery wall to prevent arteriosclerosis, therefore it is called good cholesterol.

Glucide coming from food is absorbed and discomposed into glucose which exists in the blood.

Blood sugar is the amount of glucose in the blood.

Glucose is used as a source of energy in the body. Normally, blood glucose levels stay within narrow limits throughout the day.

If the blood glucose level is drifted outside the normal range by any reason, pancreas will release a hormone, insulin, to prevent it from rising too far.

Blood glucose level is higher after meals, but insulin keeps its level within a safe range.

In diabetes, because the pancreas can not produce enough insulin, the blood glucose level will stay at a high range.

Glucose in the blood sticks to the hemoglobin to make a 'glycosylated hemoglobin' molecule, called hemoglobin A1c or HbA1c.

If HbA1c re-test shows a normal value, there is less possibility of diabetes.

Amylase is a digestive enzyme secreted by pancreas and salivary gland, which breaks down starch.

In pancreas dysfunction, amylase escapes from the pancreas into the blood and urine.

One of the enzymes, which has an important role in the energy metabolism of skeletal and cardiac muscles.

CK exists in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and brain etc.

CK does not exist in blood cells and liver.

An enzyme that converts glucose into energy.

Most of aldolase is in muscles, liver, kidneys, and cerebral nerve tissues. They release aldolase into the bloodstream.